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| Kindersoldaten - Kinder in bewaffneten Konflikten |
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| Kindersoldaten in bewaffneten Konflikten im Jahr 2015 |
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In seinem jährlichen Bericht «Annual Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict 2015» zur Lage von Kindern in bewaffneten Konflikten im Jahr 2015 zeigt sich der UN-Gereralsekretär Ban Ki-moon zu tiefst schockiert über den Grad der Gewaltanwendungen an Kindern, welche u.a. in Ländern wie Afghanistan, Irak, Somalia, Südsudan, Syrien und Jemen verübt wurden.
2015 hat die UNO insgesamt 20 bewaffnete Konflikte in 14 Ländern registriert. In folgenden Ländern gab es 2015 bewaffnete Konflikte: Afghanistan, Zentralafrikanische Republik, Kolumbien, Demokratische Republik Kongo, Irak, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Philippinen, Somalia, Südsudan, Sudan, Syrien und Jemen.
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Weiterhin werden Kinder, Knaben und Mädchen, von einigen Konfliktparteien u.a. über die sozialen Medien für das Kriegsgeschäft angeworben. 2015 wurden sich die Anzahl der Rekrutierungen von Kindersoldaten im Vergleich zu 2014 verfünffacht. 2015 wurden sechsmal mehr Kinder getötet oder schwerwiegend verletzt als 2014. Die Kinder werden dazu angestiftet, Menschen zu exekutieren und Selbstmordanschläge zu verüben.
2015 hat die UNO 60 Kriegsparteien schwerwiegende Verstösse gegen Kinder nachgewiesen. In 6 Fällen waren die Sicherheitskräfte der Regierung und in 51 Fällen nichtstaatliche bewaffnete Gruppen für die Gräueltaten verantwortlich.
58 Konfliktparteien haben Kinder für den bewaffneten Kampf rekrutiert. In 7 Fällen haben die Sicherheitskräfte der Regierung und in 51 Fällen nichtstaatliche bewaffnete Gruppen die Rekrutierungen veranlasst.
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| Quelle: United Nations UN , 2. Juni 2016 |
27. März 2016 Der Sudan unterzeichnet den «UN Action Plan to Protect Children from Violations in Armed Conflict»
Der sudanesische Regierung hat den «Action Plan to Protect Children from Violations in Armed Conflict» der Vereinten Nationen im März 2016 in Khartum unterzeichnet. Die Unterzeichnung des Abkommens ist ein Meilenstein auf dem Weg, Kinder im Sudan vor der Rekrutierung und dem Einsatz in den Reihen der Sicherheitskräften der Regierung des Sudans zu bewahren.
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| Quelle: United Nations UN , 27 März 2016 |
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| Annual Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict 2015 |
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Shock at the Scale of Grave Violations Committed Against Children in 2015
In his Annual report on children and armed conflict covering the year 2015, the UN Secretary-General expressed his shock at the scale of grave violations committed against children in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria and Yemen.
Emerging and escalating crises had a horrific impact on boys and girls. The situation in Yemen was particularly worrisome with a five-fold increase in the number of children recruited and six times more children killed and maimed compared to 2014. Violations committed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) continued to have a devastating impact on children, including persistent child recruitment and use and boys featured as child soldiers in social media and in some cases as executioners. In Nigeria, Boko Haram increased suicide attacks, including by using 21 girls as suicide bombers in crowded public spaces. The armed group spread its activities from northeastern Nigeria to neighboring countries, causing a significant number of casualties among civilians and large-scale displacements.
"In several situations of conflict, aerial operations contributed to creating complex environments in which large numbers of children were killed and maimed. State-allied armed groups and militia have also increasingly been used to fight in support of Government forces, in some cases recruiting and using children," said Leila Zerrougui, the UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict.
In Syria, thousands of children have been killed during over five years of war. Afghanistan recorded the highest number of child deaths and injuries since the UN started systematically documenting civilian casualties in 2009. In Somalia, there was a 50% increase in the number of recorded violations against children. In South Sudan, children were victims of gruesome violations, particularly during brutal military offensives against opposition forces.
"I am also gravely concerned by the increasing number of children deprived of liberty for their alleged association with parties to conflict. I call upon Member States to treat these children primarily as victims to ensure the full protection of their human rights and to urgently put in place alternatives to detention and prosecution of children," declared Leila Zerrougui.
Reducing the impact of violent extremism on children
Again in 2015, children were significantly affected by violent extremism and too often the direct targets of acts intended to cause maximum civilian casualties and terrorize communities. In addition, the response to armed groups perpetrating violent extremism created new challenges for the protection of children.
In the report, the Secretary-General urged Member States to ensure their engagement in hostilities and responses to all threats to peace and security, including in efforts to counter violent extremism, are conducted in full compliance with international humanitarian, human rights and refugee law. He added that it is "unacceptable that failure to do so has resulted in numerous violations of children's rights".
The report recommended that Member States include specific mitigating measures for the protection of children in their responses, particularly when conducting aerial bombing campaigns or ground operations, and called on all parties to conflict to refrain from using explosive weapons with wide-area effects in populated areas, and to consider making a commitment to this effect.
Attacks on schools, hospitals and protected persons
Attacks on schools and hospitals were prevalent in 2015 and documented in 19 out of 20 situations of conflict. The increasing use of airstrikes and explosive weapons in populated areas had a detrimental impact on schools and hospitals. Medical and education personnel continued to be threatened or attacked. In some conflict situations, armed groups particularly targeted girl's access to education or attacked schools and teachers to impose their own curriculum.
Abduction
With the adoption of resolution 2225 a year ago, the UN Security Council requested the Secretary-General to list parties to conflict that engage in patterns of abduction of children. As a result, Boko Haram, ISIL, the Lord's Resistance Army and Al-Shabaab are among six parties listed in the report for this violation.
Children, Not Soldiers
The momentum created by the campaign ‘Children, Not Soldiers' helped consolidate the emerging consensus that children do not belong in security forces in conflict. In March 2016, the Government of Sudan, the last of the Campaign countries, signed an Action Plan to end and prevent the recruitment of children. All Governments identified by the Secretary-General for the recruitment and use of children in their security forces have now engaged in an Action Plan process and there was notable progress in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Myanmar. Despite prior commitments by their Governments, children in Somalia, South Sudan and Yemen faced challenging conflict situations.
Engagement with non-State armed groups
In 2015, there was strong engagement with non-State armed groups, within or outside the framework of peace processes, in the Central African Republic, Colombia, Mali, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sudan and South Sudan, which led to the release of over 8,000 children.
"The recent agreement between the Government of Colombia and the FARC-EP to release all children associated with the armed group is historic," said the Special Representative.
"I am encouraged by the perspective of more constructive engagement with non-state armed groups this year, but, I wish to remind everyone that it is crucial to ensure appropriate resources for the reintegration of all the children released, with special attention given to psycho-social support and the needs of girls," she concluded.
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The report in numbers:
20 situations of conflict with parties listed in 14 countries
The countries with parties listed are: Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Colombia, DRC, Iraq, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen.
Situations of concern with no parties listed: India, Israel/State of Palestine, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Thailand)
60 parties to conflict listed for grave violations against children
9 Government security forces
51 non-State armed groups
The UN Security Council has identified 5 triggers for listing parties to conflict:
Recruitment and use of children
(Resolution 1379 adopted in 2001, first listings in 2002)
58 parties to conflict : 7 government security forces, 51 non-State armed groups
Killing and maiming of children
(resolution 1882, adopted in 2009, first listings in 2010)
19 parties to conflict : 4 government security forces, 15 non-State armed groups
Rape and other forms of sexual violence
(resolution 1882, adopted in 2009, first listings in 2010):
14 parties to conflict : 2 government security forces, 12 non-State armed groups
Attacks on schools and hospitals
(resolution 1998, adopted in 2011, first listings in 2012)
10 parties to conflict: 2 government security forces, 8 non-State armed groups
Abduction of children
(resolution 2225, adopted in 2015, first listings in 2016):
6 parties to conflict : 1 government security force, 5 non-State armed groups
New listings:
In accordance with Security Council resolution 2225 (2015), Al-Shabaab (Somalia), Boko Haram (Nigeria), LRA (Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo), ISIL (Iraq) and the Taliban (Afghanistan) are listed for abduction of children. Those five groups have committed patterns of abduction of children over a number of years. SPLA (South Sudan) is also listed for abduction as a result of hundreds of violations attributed to it in 2015. Other parties have been added to existing trigger violations. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Raia Mutomboki5 is listed for the recruitment and use of and sexual violence against children. In Nigeria, the Civilian Joint Task Force is listed for the recruitment and use of children, with more than 50 verified cases in 2015. In South Sudan, SPLA is now also listed for sexual violence against children, with more than 100 incidents attributed to government forces. In Yemen, owing to the very large number of violations attributed to the two parties, the Houthis/Ansar Allah and the Saudi Arabia-led coalition are listed for killing and maiming and attacks on schools and hospitals.
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| Source: United Nations UN , 2 June 2016 |
| Children, Not Soldiers |
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Twenty years ago, the world united to condemn and take action against the use of children in armed conflict. Since then, thousands of boys and girls have been released as a result of Action Plans mandated by the UN Security Council aimed at ending and preventing the recruitment and use of children in conflict.
Children, Not Soldiers
The campaign Children, Not Soldiers , an initiative of Leila Zerrougui, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, and UNICEF, aims to galvanize support to end and prevent the recruitment and use of children by national security forces in conflict.
At its launch in March 2014, the campaign focused on the 8 national security forces listed for recruitment and use of children in the Annexes of the Annual Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict.
The countries concerned by the campaign are :
Afghanistan, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Myanmar, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Yemen.
All those countries have signed Action Plans with the United Nations to end and prevent the recruitment and use of children. Chad completed the requirements of its Action Plan and was delisted from the annexes of the Secretary-General's annual report in July 2014.
The Special Representative, UNICEF and partners support the efforts of the 7 remaining Governments to release and reintegrate children into civilian life and to ensure all mechanisms are in place to end and prevent their recruitment and use.
Since the campaign launch in March 2014:
• The campaign received broad support from Member States, UN, NGO partners, regional organizations and the general public.
• The UN Security Council and General Assembly welcomed the campaign and requested regular updates through the Special Representative's reporting;
• The government of Afghanistan criminalized the recruitment of children, endorsed a road map to accelerate the implementation of its Action Plan as well as age assessment guidelines to prevent the recruitment of children;
• The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) named a Presidential Advisor to address sexual violence and child recruitment. In September 2015, the Government adopted a roadmap to accelerate the implementation of its Action Plan;
• Close to 750 children (and youth recruited as children) were released from Myanmar's army since the signature of the Action Plan. In September 2015, the country signed the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict;
Somalia ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in September 2015.
• The Government established a child protection unit in the Somali armed forces and put in place mechanisms for the handover to the United Nations of children found in the ranks of its army;
• Sudan signed an action plan with the United Nations to end and prevent the recruitment and use of children in the country's security forces;
• In 2014, South Sudan recommitted to the action plan signed in 2012. Implementation has been stalled due to conflict. Provisions for the separation and release of children by parties to conflict are included in the August 2015 peace agreement;
• Yemen signed an Action Plan with the UN in May 2014. Implementation has been stalled due to conflict.
During the campaign, the Special Representative and UNICEF will work with their UN and NGO partners to support and strengthen their engagement with the concerned Governments to ensure that they reach their goal of ending and preventing recruitment and use of children in their security forces.
Momentum is building. The goal is within reach.
Join the Special Representative and UNICEF and find out what you can do to help reach this important goal.
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| Source: United Nations UN , 2 June 2016 |
| International Day against the Use of Child Soldiers |
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Child Soldiers are Boys and Girls we Failed to Protect
As we mark the International Day against the Use of Child Soldiers, tens of thousands of boys and girls are associated with armed forces and groups in conflicts in over 20 countries around the world.
"Again this year, the multiplication of conflicts and the brutality of tactics of war have made children extremely vulnerable to recruitment and use," said Leila Zerrougui, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict.
In the most recent Annual report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict, 56 of the 57 parties to conflict identified for grave violations against children are named because they are recruiting and using child soldiers.
Children are sent to the frontlines as combatants, but many are also used in functions that put their lives in danger such as cooks, porters, spies and informants. During their association with armed groups or forces, children are exposed to high levels of violence. They are witnesses, victims or forced to commit acts of brutality. In addition, a majority of girls, but also boys, are victims of rape and sexual violence. When they are captured or arrested for alleged association with armed groups, too often, children are not treated primarily as victims and denied the protection guaranteed by international norms and standards of juvenile justice.
"Children who are released or escape often have a hard time finding their place in society, or can even be rejected by their communities. We must make it our common responsibility to ensure sufficient resources are available for reintegration to provide psychosocial support as well as education and vocational training. This is crucial to their future and to build peaceful societies," said Leila Zerrougui.
Twenty years of work to protect boys and girls in conflict
In 1996, the mandate of the UN Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict was created following the realization that children were the primary victims of armed conflict.
Twenty years later, the international community's engagement has resulted in a strong framework and concrete tools to engage with parties to conflict and address the violations committed against children during conflict.
"We still face huge challenges to protect children in times of war, but our work and advocacy has led to an emerging consensus among the world's nations that boys and girls do not belong in national security forces in conflict or in any armed group," declared the Special Representative
The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, now ratified by 162 state parties, has played a crucial role to bring about this consensus. Leila Zerrougui invites all Member States who have not yet ratified the Optional protocol to do so as soon as possible.
Children, Not Soldiers
In 2014, the campaign Children, Not Soldiers was launched by the Special Representative and UNICEF to support the last eight states -Afghanistan, Chad, Myanmar, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Yemen- identified by the Secretary-General for the recruitment of children in their security forces.
So far, Chad has put in place all the measures required to prevent the recruitment of children and was removed from the Secretary-General's list. The campaign has led to tangible progress and helped to significantly reduce the number of verified cases of recruitment and use of children in most of the countries concerned by Children, Not Soldiers.
This year, work continues to support the seven remaining countries to put in place the required measures to protect boys and girls from recruitment and use. The momentum generated by the campaign has also created opportunities for engagement with non-state armed groups active in countries concerned by Children, Not Soldiers and beyond. The FARC-EP's commitment to end the recruitment of children announced earlier this week is one such example.
"I invite everyone to start thinking about child soldiers as boys and girls we collectively failed to protect," said Leila Zerrougui. "We have an opportunity to end the recruitment and use of children in conflict. It is now our common responsibility to ask for urgent action to end grave violations against children and to dedicate the necessary attention and resources to reach our objective."
Additional information on the recruitment and use of children:
In Afghanistan, there is progress to end the recruitment and use of children in national security forces, but children continue to be recruited by armed groups such as the Taliban.
In the Central African Republic, children continue to be subjected to grave violations by all parties to the conflict. The UN has documented several thousand children recruited and used by armed groups since the beginning of the conflict. Children have been used in many ways. They have been sent to the frontlines as combatants, as informants or porters. Girls have been used for sexual purposes.
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there is steady progress in the implementation of the Action Plan signed with the United Nations to end the recruitment and use of children by the national security forces. Despite this positive development, children continued to be recruited and used by armed groups, most notably in eastern DR Congo. It is estimated that the ranks of some armed groups are composed of about 30% of children.
In Iraq and Syria, with the proliferation of armed groups and advances by ISIL, children remainvulnerable to recruitment. Reports have been received of armed groups targeting children as young as seven years of age, and forcibly recruiting children through coercion of family members and abductions.
In South Sudan, children continue to suffer the consequences of a brutal conflict and most of the progress previously achieved to protect them has been erased. We now see high levels of recruitment and use and call on all parties to take tangible action to honour their commitment to protect children.
In Yemen, the recruitment and use of children by all parties to the conflict has become widespread since the escalation of conflict in March 2015.
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| Source: United Nations UN , 12 February 2016 |
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